Marco Cotogni, Fei Yang, Claudio Cusano, Andrew Bagdanov, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Gated Class-Attention with Cascaded Feature Drift Compensation for Exemplar-free Continual Learning of Vision Transformers.
Abstract: We propose a new method for exemplar-free class incremental training of ViTs. The main challenge of exemplar-free continual learning is maintaining plasticity of the learner without causing catastrophic forgetting of previously learned tasks. This is often achieved via exemplar replay which can help recalibrate previous task classifiers to the feature drift which occurs when learning new tasks. Exemplar replay, however, comes at the cost of retaining samples from previous tasks which for many applications may not be possible. To address the problem of continual ViT training, we first propose gated class-attention to minimize the drift in the final ViT transformer block. This mask-based gating is applied to class-attention mechanism of the last transformer block and strongly regulates the weights crucial for previous tasks. Importantly, gated class-attention does not require the task-ID during inference, which distinguishes it from other parameter isolation methods. Secondly, we propose a new method of feature drift compensation that accommodates feature drift in the backbone when learning new tasks. The combination of gated class-attention and cascaded feature drift compensation allows for plasticity towards new tasks while limiting forgetting of previous ones. Extensive experiments performed on CIFAR-100, Tiny-ImageNet and ImageNet100 demonstrate that our exemplar-free method obtains competitive results when compared to rehearsal based ViT methods.
Keywords: Marco Cotogni, Fei Yang, Claudio Cusano, Andrew D. Bagdanov, Joost van de Weijer
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Marc Oliu, Sarah Adel Bargal, Stan Sclaroff, Xavier Baro, & Sergio Escalera. (2022). Multi-varied Cumulative Alignment for Domain Adaptation. In 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing (Vol. 13232, 324–334). LNCS.
Abstract: Domain Adaptation methods can be classified into two basic families of approaches: non-parametric and parametric. Non-parametric approaches depend on statistical indicators such as feature covariances to minimize the domain shift. Non-parametric approaches tend to be fast to compute and require no additional parameters, but they are unable to leverage probability density functions with complex internal structures. Parametric approaches, on the other hand, use models of the probability distributions as surrogates in minimizing the domain shift, but they require additional trainable parameters to model these distributions. In this work, we propose a new statistical approach to minimizing the domain shift based on stochastically projecting and evaluating the cumulative density function in both domains. As with non-parametric approaches, there are no additional trainable parameters. As with parametric approaches, the internal structure of both domains’ probability distributions is considered, thus leveraging a higher amount of information when reducing the domain shift. Evaluation on standard datasets used for Domain Adaptation shows better performance of the proposed model compared to non-parametric approaches while being competitive with parametric ones. (Code available at: https://github.com/moliusimon/mca).
Keywords: Domain Adaptation; Computer vision; Neural networks
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Marc Masana, Xialei Liu, Bartlomiej Twardowski, Mikel Menta, Andrew Bagdanov, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation. TPAMI - IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, .
Abstract: For future learning systems incremental learning is desirable, because it allows for: efficient resource usage by eliminating the need to retrain from scratch at the arrival of new data; reduced memory usage by preventing or limiting the amount of data required to be stored -- also important when privacy limitations are imposed; and learning that more closely resembles human learning. The main challenge for incremental learning is catastrophic forgetting, which refers to the precipitous drop in performance on previously learned tasks after learning a new one. Incremental learning of deep neural networks has seen explosive growth in recent years. Initial work focused on task incremental learning, where a task-ID is provided at inference time. Recently we have seen a shift towards class-incremental learning where the learner must classify at inference time between all classes seen in previous tasks without recourse to a task-ID. In this paper, we provide a complete survey of existing methods for incremental learning, and in particular we perform an extensive experimental evaluation on twelve class-incremental methods. We consider several new experimental scenarios, including a comparison of class-incremental methods on multiple large-scale datasets, investigation into small and large domain shifts, and comparison on various network architectures.
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Lu Yu, Xialei Liu, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Self-Training for Class-Incremental Semantic Segmentation. TNNLS - IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, .
Abstract: In class-incremental semantic segmentation, we have no access to the labeled data of previous tasks. Therefore, when incrementally learning new classes, deep neural networks suffer from catastrophic forgetting of previously learned knowledge. To address this problem, we propose to apply a self-training approach that leverages unlabeled data, which is used for rehearsal of previous knowledge. Specifically, we first learn a temporary model for the current task, and then, pseudo labels for the unlabeled data are computed by fusing information from the old model of the previous task and the current temporary model. In addition, conflict reduction is proposed to resolve the conflicts of pseudo labels generated from both the old and temporary models. We show that maximizing self-entropy can further improve results by smoothing the overconfident predictions. Interestingly, in the experiments, we show that the auxiliary data can be different from the training data and that even general-purpose, but diverse auxiliary data can lead to large performance gains. The experiments demonstrate the state-of-the-art results: obtaining a relative gain of up to 114% on Pascal-VOC 2012 and 8.5% on the more challenging ADE20K compared to previous state-of-the-art methods.
Keywords: Class-incremental learning; Self-training; Semantic segmentation.
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Lei Kang, Pau Riba, Marçal Rusiñol, Alicia Fornes, & Mauricio Villegas. (2022). Pay Attention to What You Read: Non-recurrent Handwritten Text-Line Recognition. PR - Pattern Recognition, 129, 108766.
Abstract: The advent of recurrent neural networks for handwriting recognition marked an important milestone reaching impressive recognition accuracies despite the great variability that we observe across different writing styles. Sequential architectures are a perfect fit to model text lines, not only because of the inherent temporal aspect of text, but also to learn probability distributions over sequences of characters and words. However, using such recurrent paradigms comes at a cost at training stage, since their sequential pipelines prevent parallelization. In this work, we introduce a non-recurrent approach to recognize handwritten text by the use of transformer models. We propose a novel method that bypasses any recurrence. By using multi-head self-attention layers both at the visual and textual stages, we are able to tackle character recognition as well as to learn language-related dependencies of the character sequences to be decoded. Our model is unconstrained to any predefined vocabulary, being able to recognize out-of-vocabulary words, i.e. words that do not appear in the training vocabulary. We significantly advance over prior art and demonstrate that satisfactory recognition accuracies are yielded even in few-shot learning scenarios.
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Kai Wang, Xialei Liu, Andrew Bagdanov, Luis Herranz, Shangling Jui, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Incremental Meta-Learning via Episodic Replay Distillation for Few-Shot Image Recognition. In CVPR 2022 Workshop on Continual Learning (CLVision, 3rd Edition) (pp. 3728–3738).
Abstract: In this paper we consider the problem of incremental meta-learning in which classes are presented incrementally in discrete tasks. We propose Episodic Replay Distillation (ERD), that mixes classes from the current task with exemplars from previous tasks when sampling episodes for meta-learning. To allow the training to benefit from a large as possible variety of classes, which leads to more gener-
alizable feature representations, we propose the cross-task meta loss. Furthermore, we propose episodic replay distillation that also exploits exemplars for improved knowledge distillation. Experiments on four datasets demonstrate that ERD surpasses the state-of-the-art. In particular, on the more challenging one-shot, long task sequence scenarios, we reduce the gap between Incremental Meta-Learning and
the joint-training upper bound from 3.5% / 10.1% / 13.4% / 11.7% with the current state-of-the-art to 2.6% / 2.9% / 5.0% / 0.2% with our method on Tiered-ImageNet / Mini-ImageNet / CIFAR100 / CUB, respectively.
Keywords: Training; Computer vision; Image recognition; Upper bound; Conferences; Pattern recognition; Task analysis
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Kai Wang, Fei Yang, & Joost Van de Weijer. (2022). Attention Distillation: self-supervised vision transformer students need more guidance. In 33rd British Machine Vision Conference.
Abstract: Self-supervised learning has been widely applied to train high-quality vision transformers. Unleashing their excellent performance on memory and compute constraint devices is therefore an important research topic. However, how to distill knowledge from one self-supervised ViT to another has not yet been explored. Moreover, the existing self-supervised knowledge distillation (SSKD) methods focus on ConvNet based architectures are suboptimal for ViT knowledge distillation. In this paper, we study knowledge distillation of self-supervised vision transformers (ViT-SSKD). We show that directly distilling information from the crucial attention mechanism from teacher to student can significantly narrow the performance gap between both. In experiments on ImageNet-Subset and ImageNet-1K, we show that our method AttnDistill outperforms existing self-supervised knowledge distillation (SSKD) methods and achieves state-of-the-art k-NN accuracy compared with self-supervised learning (SSL) methods learning from scratch (with the ViT-S model). We are also the first to apply the tiny ViT-T model on self-supervised learning. Moreover, AttnDistill is independent of self-supervised learning algorithms, it can be adapted to ViT based SSL methods to improve the performance in future research.
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Kai Wang, Chenshen Wu, Andrew Bagdanov, Xialei Liu, Shiqi Yang, Shangling Jui, et al. (2022). Positive Pair Distillation Considered Harmful: Continual Meta Metric Learning for Lifelong Object Re-Identification. In 33rd British Machine Vision Conference.
Abstract: Lifelong object re-identification incrementally learns from a stream of re-identification tasks. The objective is to learn a representation that can be applied to all tasks and that generalizes to previously unseen re-identification tasks. The main challenge is that at inference time the representation must generalize to previously unseen identities. To address this problem, we apply continual meta metric learning to lifelong object re-identification. To prevent forgetting of previous tasks, we use knowledge distillation and explore the roles of positive and negative pairs. Based on our observation that the distillation and metric losses are antagonistic, we propose to remove positive pairs from distillation to robustify model updates. Our method, called Distillation without Positive Pairs (DwoPP), is evaluated on extensive intra-domain experiments on person and vehicle re-identification datasets, as well as inter-domain experiments on the LReID benchmark. Our experiments demonstrate that DwoPP significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art.
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Kai Wang. (2022). Continual learning for hierarchical classification, few-shot recognition, and multi-modal learning (Luis Herranz, & Joost Van de Weijer, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, , .
Abstract: Deep learning has drastically changed computer vision in the past decades and achieved great success in many applications, such as image classification, retrieval, detection, and segmentation thanks to the emergence of neural networks. Typically, for most applications, these networks are presented with examples from all tasks they are expected to perform. However, for many applications, this is not a realistic
scenario, and an algorithm is required to learn tasks sequentially. Continual learning proposes theory and methods for this scenario.
The main challenge for continual learning systems is called catastrophic forgetting and refers to a significant drop in performance on previous tasks. To tackle this problem, three main branches of methods have been explored to alleviate the forgetting in continual learning. They are regularization-based methods, rehearsalbased methods, and parameter isolation-based methods. However, most of them are focused on image classification tasks. Continual learning of many computer vision fields has still not been well-explored. Thus, in this thesis, we extend the continual learning knowledge to meta learning, we propose a method for the incremental learning of hierarchical relations for image classification, we explore image recognition in online continual learning, and study continual learning for cross-modal learning.
In this thesis, we explore the usage of image rehearsal when addressing the incremental meta learning problem. Observing that existingmethods fail to improve performance with saved exemplars, we propose to mix exemplars with current task data and episode-level distillation to overcome forgetting in incremental meta learning. Next, we study a more realistic image classification scenario where each class has multiple granularity levels. Only one label is present at any time, which requires the model to infer if the provided label has a hierarchical relation with any already known label. In experiments, we show that the estimated hierarchy information can be beneficial in both the training and inference stage.
For the online continual learning setting, we investigate the usage of intermediate feature replay. In this case, the training samples are only observed by the model only one time. Here we fix thememory buffer for feature replay and compare the effectiveness of saving features from different layers. Finally, we investigate multi-modal continual learning, where an image encoder is cooperating with a semantic branch. We consider the continual learning of both zero-shot learning and cross-modal retrieval problems.
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Jun Wan, Chi Lin, Longyin Wen, Yunan Li, Qiguang Miao, Sergio Escalera, et al. (2022). ChaLearn Looking at People: IsoGD and ConGD Large-scale RGB-D Gesture Recognition. TCIBERN - IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 52(5), 3422–3433.
Abstract: The ChaLearn large-scale gesture recognition challenge has been run twice in two workshops in conjunction with the International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR) 2016 and International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) 2017, attracting more than 200 teams round the world. This challenge has two tracks, focusing on isolated and continuous gesture recognition, respectively. This paper describes the creation of both benchmark datasets and analyzes the advances in large-scale gesture recognition based on these two datasets. We discuss the challenges of collecting large-scale ground-truth annotations of gesture recognition, and provide a detailed analysis of the current state-of-the-art methods for large-scale isolated and continuous gesture recognition based on RGB-D video sequences. In addition to recognition rate and mean jaccard index (MJI) as evaluation metrics used in our previous challenges, we also introduce the corrected segmentation rate (CSR) metric to evaluate the performance of temporal segmentation for continuous gesture recognition. Furthermore, we propose a bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) baseline method, determining the video division points based on the skeleton points extracted by convolutional pose machine (CPM). Experiments demonstrate that the proposed Bi-LSTM outperforms the state-of-the-art methods with an absolute improvement of 8.1% (from 0.8917 to 0.9639) of CSR.
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Julio C. S. Jacques Junior, Yagmur Gucluturk, Marc Perez, Umut Guçlu, Carlos Andujar, Xavier Baro, et al. (2022). First Impressions: A Survey on Vision-Based Apparent Personality Trait Analysis. TAC - IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 13(1), 75–95.
Abstract: Personality analysis has been widely studied in psychology, neuropsychology, and signal processing fields, among others. From the past few years, it also became an attractive research area in visual computing. From the computational point of view, by far speech and text have been the most considered cues of information for analyzing personality. However, recently there has been an increasing interest from the computer vision community in analyzing personality from visual data. Recent computer vision approaches are able to accurately analyze human faces, body postures and behaviors, and use these information to infer apparent personality traits. Because of the overwhelming research interest in this topic, and of the potential impact that this sort of methods could have in society, we present in this paper an up-to-date review of existing vision-based approaches for apparent personality trait recognition. We describe seminal and cutting edge works on the subject, discussing and comparing their distinctive features and limitations. Future venues of research in the field are identified and discussed. Furthermore, aspects on the subjectivity in data labeling/evaluation, as well as current datasets and challenges organized to push the research on the field are reviewed.
Keywords: Personality computing; first impressions; person perception; big-five; subjective bias; computer vision; machine learning; nonverbal signals; facial expression; gesture; speech analysis; multi-modal recognition
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Juan Borrego-Carazo, Carles Sanchez, David Castells, Jordi Carrabina, & Debora Gil. (2022). A benchmark for the evaluation of computational methods for bronchoscopic navigation. IJCARS - International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 17(1).
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Josep Brugues Pujolras, Lluis Gomez, & Dimosthenis Karatzas. (2022). A Multilingual Approach to Scene Text Visual Question Answering. In Document Analysis Systems.15th IAPR International Workshop, (DAS2022) (pp. 65–79).
Abstract: Scene Text Visual Question Answering (ST-VQA) has recently emerged as a hot research topic in Computer Vision. Current ST-VQA models have a big potential for many types of applications but lack the ability to perform well on more than one language at a time due to the lack of multilingual data, as well as the use of monolingual word embeddings for training. In this work, we explore the possibility to obtain bilingual and multilingual VQA models. In that regard, we use an already established VQA model that uses monolingual word embeddings as part of its pipeline and substitute them by FastText and BPEmb multilingual word embeddings that have been aligned to English. Our experiments demonstrate that it is possible to obtain bilingual and multilingual VQA models with a minimal loss in performance in languages not used during training, as well as a multilingual model trained in multiple languages that match the performance of the respective monolingual baselines.
Keywords: Scene text; Visual question answering; Multilingual word embeddings; Vision and language; Deep learning
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Jorge Charco, Angel Sappa, Boris X. Vintimilla, & Henry Velesaca. (2022). Human Body Pose Estimation in Multi-view Environments. In ICT Applications for Smart Cities. Intelligent Systems Reference Library (Vol. 224, pp. 79–99). ISRL. Springer.
Abstract: This chapter tackles the challenging problem of human pose estimation in multi-view environments to handle scenes with self-occlusions. The proposed approach starts by first estimating the camera pose—extrinsic parameters—in multi-view scenarios; due to few real image datasets, different virtual scenes are generated by using a special simulator, for training and testing the proposed convolutional neural network based approaches. Then, these extrinsic parameters are used to establish the relation between different cameras into the multi-view scheme, which captures the pose of the person from different points of view at the same time. The proposed multi-view scheme allows to robustly estimate human body joints’ position even in situations where they are occluded. This would help to avoid possible false alarms in behavioral analysis systems of smart cities, as well as applications for physical therapy, safe moving assistance for the elderly among other. The chapter concludes by presenting experimental results in real scenes by using state-of-the-art and the proposed multi-view approaches.
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Jorge Charco, Angel Sappa, & Boris X. Vintimilla. (2022). Human Pose Estimation through a Novel Multi-view Scheme. In 17th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP 2022) (Vol. 5, pp. 855–862).
Abstract: This paper presents a multi-view scheme to tackle the challenging problem of the self-occlusion in human pose estimation problem. The proposed approach first obtains the human body joints of a set of images, which are captured from different views at the same time. Then, it enhances the obtained joints by using a
multi-view scheme. Basically, the joints from a given view are used to enhance poorly estimated joints from another view, especially intended to tackle the self occlusions cases. A network architecture initially proposed for the monocular case is adapted to be used in the proposed multi-view scheme. Experimental results and
comparisons with the state-of-the-art approaches on Human3.6m dataset are presented showing improvements in the accuracy of body joints estimations.
Keywords: Multi-view Scheme; Human Pose Estimation; Relative Camera Pose; Monocular Approach
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