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Murad Al Haj, Andrew Bagdanov, Jordi Gonzalez, & Xavier Roca. (2009). Robust and Efficient Multipose Face Detection Using Skin Color Segmentation. In 4th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis (Vol. 5524). LNCS. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Abstract: In this paper we describe an efficient technique for detecting faces in arbitrary images and video sequences. The approach is based on segmentation of images or video frames into skin-colored blobs using a pixel-based heuristic. Scale and translation invariant features are then computed from these segmented blobs which are used to perform statistical discrimination between face and non-face classes. We train and evaluate our method on a standard, publicly available database of face images and analyze its performance over a range of statistical pattern classifiers. The generalization of our approach is illustrated by testing on an independent sequence of frames containing many faces and non-faces. These experiments indicate that our proposed approach obtains false positive rates comparable to more complex, state-of-the-art techniques, and that it generalizes better to new data. Furthermore, the use of skin blobs and invariant features requires fewer training samples since significantly fewer non-face candidate regions must be considered when compared to AdaBoost-based approaches.
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Naila Murray. (2009). Perceptual Feature Detection (Vol. 131). Master's thesis, , Bellaterra, Barcelona.
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Nicola Bellotto, Eric Sommerlade, Ben Benfold, Charles Bibby, I. Reid, Daniel Roth, et al. (2009). A Distributed Camera System for Multi-Resolution Surveillance. In 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Distributed Smart Cameras.
Abstract: We describe an architecture for a multi-camera, multi-resolution surveillance system. The aim is to support a set of distributed static and pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras and visual tracking algorithms, together with a central supervisor unit. Each camera (and possibly pan-tilt device) has a dedicated process and processor. Asynchronous interprocess communications and archiving of data are achieved in a simple and effective way via a central repository, implemented using an SQL database. Visual tracking data from static views are stored dynamically into tables in the database via client calls to the SQL server. A supervisor process running on the SQL server determines if active zoom cameras should be dispatched to observe a particular target, and this message is effected via writing demands into another database table. We show results from a real implementation of the system comprising one static camera overviewing the environment under consideration and a PTZ camera operating under closed-loop velocity control, which uses a fast and robust level-set-based region tracker. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and its feasibility to multi-camera systems for intelligent surveillance.
Keywords: 10.1109/ICDSC.2009.5289413
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Niki Aifanti, Angel Sappa, N. Grammalidis, & Sotiris Malassiotis. (2009). Advances in Tracking and Recognition of Human Motion. In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology (Vol. I, 65–71).
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Noha Elfiky. (2009). Enhancing Local Binary Patterns with Spatial Pyramid Kernel: Application to Scene Classification (Vol. 129). Master's thesis, , Bellaterra, Barcelona.
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Olivier Penacchio. (2009). Relative Density of L, M, S photoreceptors in the Human Retina (Vol. 135). Master's thesis, , Bellaterra, Barcelona.
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Oriol Pujol, & David Masip. (2009). Geometry-Based Ensembles: Toward a Structural Characterization of the Classification Boundary. TPAMI - IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31(6), 1140–1146.
Abstract: This article introduces a novel binary discriminative learning technique based on the approximation of the non-linear decision boundary by a piece-wise linear smooth additive model. The decision border is geometrically defined by means of the characterizing boundary points – points that belong to the optimal boundary under a certain notion of robustness. Based on these points, a set of locally robust linear classifiers is defined and assembled by means of a Tikhonov regularized optimization procedure in an additive model to create a final lambda-smooth decision rule. As a result, a very simple and robust classifier with a strong geometrical meaning and non-linear behavior is obtained. The simplicity of the method allows its extension to cope with some of nowadays machine learning challenges, such as online learning, large scale learning or parallelization, with linear computational complexity. We validate our approach on the UCI database. Finally, we apply our technique in online and large scale scenarios, and in six real life computer vision and pattern recognition problems: gender recognition, intravascular ultrasound tissue classification, speed traffic sign detection, Chagas' disease severity detection, clef classification and action recognition using a 3D accelerometer data. The results are promising and this paper opens a line of research that deserves further attention
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Oriol Pujol, Eloi Puertas, & Carlo Gatta. (2009). Multi-scale Stacked Sequential Learning. In 8th International Workshop of Multiple Classifier Systems (Vol. 5519, 262–271). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Abstract: One of the most widely used assumptions in supervised learning is that data is independent and identically distributed. This assumption does not hold true in many real cases. Sequential learning is the discipline of machine learning that deals with dependent data such that neighboring examples exhibit some kind of relationship. In the literature, there are different approaches that try to capture and exploit this correlation, by means of different methodologies. In this paper we focus on meta-learning strategies and, in particular, the stacked sequential learning approach. The main contribution of this work is two-fold: first, we generalize the stacked sequential learning. This generalization reflects the key role of neighboring interactions modeling. Second, we propose an effective and efficient way of capturing and exploiting sequential correlations that takes into account long-range interactions by means of a multi-scale pyramidal decomposition of the predicted labels. Additionally, this new method subsumes the standard stacked sequential learning approach. We tested the proposed method on two different classification tasks: text lines classification in a FAQ data set and image classification. Results on these tasks clearly show that our approach outperforms the standard stacked sequential learning. Moreover, we show that the proposed method allows to control the trade-off between the detail and the desired range of the interactions.
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Oriol Ramos Terrades, Ernest Valveny, & Salvatore Tabbone. (2009). Optimal Classifier Fusion in a Non-Bayesian Probabilistic Framework. TPAMI - IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 31(9), 1630–1644.
Abstract: The combination of the output of classifiers has been one of the strategies used to improve classification rates in general purpose classification systems. Some of the most common approaches can be explained using the Bayes' formula. In this paper, we tackle the problem of the combination of classifiers using a non-Bayesian probabilistic framework. This approach permits us to derive two linear combination rules that minimize misclassification rates under some constraints on the distribution of classifiers. In order to show the validity of this approach we have compared it with other popular combination rules from a theoretical viewpoint using a synthetic data set, and experimentally using two standard databases: the MNIST handwritten digit database and the GREC symbol database. Results on the synthetic data set show the validity of the theoretical approach. Indeed, results on real data show that the proposed methods outperform other common combination schemes.
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Oscar Camara, Estanislao Oubel, Gemma Piella, Simone Balocco, Mathieu De Craene, & Alejandro F. Frangi. (2009). Multi-sequence Registration of Cine, Tagged and Delay-Enhancement MRI with Shift Correction and Steerable Pyramid-Based Detagging. In 5th International Conference on Functional Imaging and Modeling of the Heart (Vol. 5528, 330–338). LNCS. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Abstract: In this work, we present a registration framework for cardiac cine MRI (cMRI), tagged (tMRI) and delay-enhancement MRI (deMRI), where the two main issues to find an accurate alignment between these images have been taking into account: the presence of tags in tMRI and respiration artifacts in all sequences. A steerable pyramid image decomposition has been used for detagging purposes since it is suitable to extract high-order oriented structures by directional adaptive filtering. Shift correction of cMRI is achieved by firstly maximizing the similarity between the Long Axis and Short Axis cMRI. Subsequently, these shift-corrected images are used as target images in a rigid registration procedure with their corresponding tMRI/deMRI in order to correct their shift. The proposed registration framework has been evaluated by 840 registration tests, considerably improving the alignment of the MR images (mean RMS error of 2.04mm vs. 5.44mm).
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Partha Pratim Roy, Josep Llados, & Umapada Pal. (2009). A Complete System for Detection and Recognition of Text in Graphical Documents using Background Information. In 5th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications.
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Partha Pratim Roy, Umapada Pal, & Josep Llados. (2009). Seal detection and recognition: An approach for document indexing. In 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (101–105).
Abstract: Reliable indexing of documents having seal instances can be achieved by recognizing seal information. This paper presents a novel approach for detecting and classifying such multi-oriented seals in these documents. First, Hough Transform based methods are applied to extract the seal regions in documents. Next, isolated text characters within these regions are detected. Rotation and size invariant features and a support vector machine based classifier have been used to recognize these detected text characters. Next, for each pair of character, we encode their relative spatial organization using their distance and angular position with respect to the centre of the seal, and enter this code into a hash table. Given an input seal, we recognize the individual text characters and compute the code for pair-wise character based on the relative spatial organization. The code obtained from the input seal helps to retrieve model hypothesis from the hash table. The seal model to which we get maximum hypothesis is selected for the recognition of the input seal. The methodology is tested to index seal in rotation and size invariant environment and we obtained encouraging results.
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Partha Pratim Roy, Umapada Pal, & Josep Llados. (2009). Touching Text Character Localization in Graphical Documents using SIFT. In In proceedings 8th IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition.
Abstract: Interpretation of graphical document images is a challenging task as it requires proper understanding of text/graphics symbols present in such documents. Difficulties arise in graphical document recognition when text and symbol overlapped/touched. Intersection of text and symbols with graphical lines and curves occur frequently in graphical documents and hence separation of such symbols is very difficult.
Several pattern recognition and classification techniques exist to recognize isolated text/symbol. But, the touching/overlapping text and symbol recognition has not yet been dealt successfully. An interesting technique, Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), originally devised for object recognition can take care of overlapping problems. Even if SIFT features have emerged as a very powerful object descriptors, their employment in graphical documents context has not been investigated much. In this paper we present the adaptation of the SIFT approach in the context of text character localization (spotting) in graphical documents. We evaluate the applicability of this technique in such documents and discuss the scope of improvement by combining some state-of-the-art approaches.
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Partha Pratim Roy, Umapada Pal, Josep Llados, & Mathieu Nicolas Delalandre. (2009). Multi-Oriented and Multi-Sized Touching Character Segmentation using Dynamic Programming. In 10th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (11–15).
Abstract: In this paper, we present a scheme towards the segmentation of English multi-oriented touching strings into individual characters. When two or more characters touch, they generate a big cavity region at the background portion. Using Convex Hull information, we use these background information to find some initial points to segment a touching string into possible primitive segments (a primitive segment consists of a single character or a part of a character). Next these primitive segments are merged to get optimum segmentation and dynamic programming is applied using total likelihood of characters as the objective function. SVM classifier is used to find the likelihood of a character. To consider multi-oriented touching strings the features used in the SVM are invariant to character orientation. Circular ring and convex hull ring based approach has been used along with angular information of the contour pixels of the character to make the feature rotation invariant. From the experiment, we obtained encouraging results.
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Pau Baiget. (2009). Modeling Human Behavior for Image Sequence Understanding and Generation (Jordi Gonzalez, & Xavier Roca, Eds.). Ph.D. thesis, Ediciones Graficas Rey, .
Abstract: The comprehension of animal behavior, especially human behavior, is one of the most ancient and studied problems since the beginning of civilization. The big list of factors that interact to determine a person action require the collaboration of different disciplines, such as psichology, biology, or sociology. In the last years the analysis of human behavior has received great attention also from the computer vision community, given the latest advances in the acquisition of human motion data from image sequences.
Despite the increasing availability of that data, there still exists a gap towards obtaining a conceptual representation of the obtained observations. Human behavior analysis is based on a qualitative interpretation of the results, and therefore the assignment of concepts to quantitative data is linked to a certain ambiguity.
This Thesis tackles the problem of obtaining a proper representation of human behavior in the contexts of computer vision and animation. On the one hand, a good behavior model should permit the recognition and explanation the observed activity in image sequences. On the other hand, such a model must allow the generation of new synthetic instances, which model the behavior of virtual agents.
First, we propose methods to automatically learn the models from observations. Given a set of quantitative results output by a vision system, a normal behavior model is learnt. This results provides a tool to determine the normality or abnormality of future observations. However, machine learning methods are unable to provide a richer description of the observations. We confront this problem by means of a new method that incorporates prior knowledge about the enviornment and about the expected behaviors. This framework, formed by the reasoning engine FMTL and the modeling tool SGT allows the generation of conceptual descriptions of activity in new image sequences. Finally, we demonstrate the suitability of the proposed framework to simulate behavior of virtual agents, which are introduced into real image sequences and interact with observed real agents, thereby easing the generation of augmented reality sequences.
The set of approaches presented in this Thesis has a growing set of potential applications. The analysis and description of behavior in image sequences has its principal application in the domain of smart video--surveillance, in order to detect suspicious or dangerous behaviors. Other applications include automatic sport commentaries, elderly monitoring, road traffic analysis, and the development of semantic video search engines. Alternatively, behavioral virtual agents allow to simulate accurate real situations, such as fires or crowds. Moreover, the inclusion of virtual agents into real image sequences has been widely deployed in the games and cinema industries.
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