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Josep Llados, Ernest Valveny, & Enric Marti. (2000). Symbol Recognition in Document Image Analysis: Methods and Challenges. Recent Research Developments in Pattern Recognition, Transworld Research Network,, 1, 151–178.
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Ernest Valveny, & Enric Marti. (2000). Deformable Template Matching within a Bayesian Framework for Hand-Written Graphic Symbol Recognition. Graphics Recognition Recent Advances, 1941, 193–208.
Abstract: We describe a method for hand-drawn symbol recognition based on deformable template matching able to handle uncertainty and imprecision inherent to hand-drawing. Symbols are represented as a set of straight lines and their deformations as geometric transformations of these lines. Matching, however, is done over the original binary image to avoid loss of information during line detection. It is defined as an energy minimization problem, using a Bayesian framework which allows to combine fidelity to ideal shape of the symbol and flexibility to modify the symbol in order to get the best fit to the binary input image. Prior to matching, we find the best global transformation of the symbol to start the recognition process, based on the distance between symbol lines and image lines. We have applied this method to the recognition of dimensions and symbols in architectural floor plans and we show its flexibility to recognize distorted symbols.
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Josep Llados, Enric Marti, & Juan J.Villanueva. (2001). Symbol recognition by error-tolerant subgraph matching between region adjacency graphs. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 23(10), 1137–1143.
Abstract: The recognition of symbols in graphic documents is an intensive research activity in the community of pattern recognition and document analysis. A key issue in the interpretation of maps, engineering drawings, diagrams, etc. is the recognition of domain dependent symbols according to a symbol database. In this work we first review the most outstanding symbol recognition methods from two different points of view: application domains and pattern recognition methods. In the second part of the paper, open and unaddressed problems involved in symbol recognition are described, analyzing their current state of art and discussing future research challenges. Thus, issues such as symbol representation, matching, segmentation, learning, scalability of recognition methods and performance evaluation are addressed in this work. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of symbol recognition concerning to new paradigms such as user interfaces in handheld computers or document database and WWW indexing by graphical content.
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Oriol Rodriguez-Leor, J. Mauri, Eduard Fernandez-Nofrerias, M. Gomez, Antonio Tovar, L. Cano, et al. (2002). Ecografia Intracoronaria: Segmentacio Automatica de area de la llum. Revista Societat Catalana de Cardiologia, 42.
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Oriol Rodriguez-Leor, J. Mauri, Eduard Fernandez-Nofrerias, C. Garcia, R. Villuendas, Vicente del Valle, et al. (2003). Reconstruction of a spatio-temporal model of the intima layer from intravascular ultrasound sequences. European Heart Journal, .
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