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Fatemeh Noroozi, Ciprian Corneanu, Dorota Kamińska, Tomasz Sapiński, Sergio Escalera, & Gholamreza Anbarjafari. (2021). Survey on Emotional Body Gesture Recognition. TAC - IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 12(2), 505–523.
Abstract: Automatic emotion recognition has become a trending research topic in the past decade. While works based on facial expressions or speech abound, recognizing affect from body gestures remains a less explored topic. We present a new comprehensive survey hoping to boost research in the field. We first introduce emotional body gestures as a component of what is commonly known as “body language” and comment general aspects as gender differences and culture dependence. We then define a complete framework for automatic emotional body gesture recognition. We introduce person detection and comment static and dynamic body pose estimation methods both in RGB and 3D. We then comment the recent literature related to representation learning and emotion recognition from images of emotionally expressive gestures. We also discuss multi-modal approaches that combine speech or face with body gestures for improved emotion recognition. While pre-processing methodologies (e.g. human detection and pose estimation) are nowadays mature technologies fully developed for robust large scale analysis, we show that for emotion recognition the quantity of labelled data is scarce, there is no agreement on clearly defined output spaces and the representations are shallow and largely based on naive geometrical representations.
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Kaustubh Kulkarni, Ciprian Corneanu, Ikechukwu Ofodile, Sergio Escalera, Xavier Baro, Sylwia Hyniewska, et al. (2021). Automatic Recognition of Facial Displays of Unfelt Emotions. TAC - IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 12(2), 377–390.
Abstract: Humans modify their facial expressions in order to communicate their internal states and sometimes to mislead observers regarding their true emotional states. Evidence in experimental psychology shows that discriminative facial responses are short and subtle. This suggests that such behavior would be easier to distinguish when captured in high resolution at an increased frame rate. We are proposing SASE-FE, the first dataset of facial expressions that are either congruent or incongruent with underlying emotion states. We show that overall the problem of recognizing whether facial movements are expressions of authentic emotions or not can be successfully addressed by learning spatio-temporal representations of the data. For this purpose, we propose a method that aggregates features along fiducial trajectories in a deeply learnt space. Performance of the proposed model shows that on average, it is easier to distinguish among genuine facial expressions of emotion than among unfelt facial expressions of emotion and that certain emotion pairs such as contempt and disgust are more difficult to distinguish than the rest. Furthermore, the proposed methodology improves state of the art results on CK+ and OULU-CASIA datasets for video emotion recognition, and achieves competitive results when classifying facial action units on BP4D datase.
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Razieh Rastgoo, Kourosh Kiani, & Sergio Escalera. (2022). Real-time Isolated Hand Sign Language RecognitioN Using Deep Networks and SVD. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 591–611.
Abstract: One of the challenges in computer vision models, especially sign language, is real-time recognition. In this work, we present a simple yet low-complex and efficient model, comprising single shot detector, 2D convolutional neural network, singular value decomposition (SVD), and long short term memory, to real-time isolated hand sign language recognition (IHSLR) from RGB video. We employ the SVD method as an efficient, compact, and discriminative feature extractor from the estimated 3D hand keypoints coordinators. Despite the previous works that employ the estimated 3D hand keypoints coordinates as raw features, we propose a novel and revolutionary way to apply the SVD to the estimated 3D hand keypoints coordinates to get more discriminative features. SVD method is also applied to the geometric relations between the consecutive segments of each finger in each hand and also the angles between these sections. We perform a detailed analysis of recognition time and accuracy. One of our contributions is that this is the first time that the SVD method is applied to the hand pose parameters. Results on four datasets, RKS-PERSIANSIGN (99.5±0.04), First-Person (91±0.06), ASVID (93±0.05), and isoGD (86.1±0.04), confirm the efficiency of our method in both accuracy (mean+std) and time recognition. Furthermore, our model outperforms or gets competitive results with the state-of-the-art alternatives in IHSLR and hand action recognition.
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Sergio Escalera, R. M. Martinez, Jordi Vitria, Petia Radeva, & Maria Teresa Anguera. (2010). Deteccion automatica de la dominancia en conversaciones diadicas. EP - Escritos de Psicologia, 3(2), 41–45.
Abstract: Dominance is referred to the level of influence that a person has in a conversation. Dominance is an important research area in social psychology, but the problem of its automatic estimation is a very recent topic in the contexts of social and wearable computing. In this paper, we focus on the dominance detection of visual cues. We estimate the correlation among observers by categorizing the dominant people in a set of face-to-face conversations. Different dominance indicators from gestural communication are defined, manually annotated, and compared to the observers' opinion. Moreover, these indicators are automatically extracted from video sequences and learnt by using binary classifiers. Results from the three analyses showed a high correlation and allows the categorization of dominant people in public discussion video sequences.
Keywords: Dominance detection; Non-verbal communication; Visual features
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Sergio Escalera. (2013). Multi-Modal Human Behaviour Analysis from Visual Data Sources. ERCIM - ERCIM News journal, 21–22.
Abstract: The Human Pose Recovery and Behaviour Analysis group (HuPBA), University of Barcelona, is developing a line of research on multi-modal analysis of humans in visual data. The novel technology is being applied in several scenarios with high social impact, including sign language recognition, assisted technology and supported diagnosis for the elderly and people with mental/physical disabilities, fitness conditioning, and Human Computer Interaction.
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